Figure 10
A horizontal bar graph compares changes in the child penalty across different regions in Vietnam over three time periods: 1989-1999, 1999-2009, and 2009-2019. The horizontal axis represents the change in effect size, ranging from -0.15 to 0.10. The vertical axis lists the regions: Mekong Delta, Southeast, Central Highlands, Central Coast, North Central, Northwest, Northeast, and Red River Delta. The graph uses three colors to represent different time periods: blue for 1989-1999, beige for 1999-2009, and black for 2009-2019. Each region has three horizontal bars, one for each time period, showing the change in effect size. Specific values for each bar are visible and indicate the magnitude of change in effect size for each region and time period.Child penalty changes by region and year. Notes: This figure illustrates changes in the child penalty across regions in Vietnam over three time periods: 1989–1999, 1999–2009 and 2009–2019. Bars represent the change in effect size of the child penalty by region, comparing female employment outcomes before and after childbirth. Source: Authors’ illustration