Figure 8
A diagram of the data integration backbone for digital sustainability in modern manufacturing. The diagram represents a system that integrates ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), MES (Manufacturing Execution System), and LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) modules. At the top, ERP/S-ERP (Sustainability ERP) is shown, which receives real-time execution data from the MES through an upward flow. This data includes actual energy use per batch and material waste, captured by shop floor data capture tools like IoT sensors. The downward flow from ERP to MES includes production plans, work orders, and schedules for execution. Middleware, BI tools, and APIs process environmental data and transmit aggregated and structured data. This data is used by LCA modules or dedicated tools to perform impact calculations and generate dynamic indicators. The diagram also highlights Industry 4.0 principles, including IoT-enabled data collection, AI-driven analytics, and predictive optimization.Real-time data flow ERP-MES-LCA for sustainability