Figure 16
A bar graph compares poster R squared values for three models under holdout and walk-forward evaluation. The horizontal axis lists three models: Persistence, RandomForest, and MLP. The vertical axis represents R squared values ranging from -6 to 0.49. The graph includes two sets of bars for each model, one in blue representing holdout evaluation and one in red representing walk-forward evaluation. For Persistence, the blue bar is around -0.5 and the red bar is around -0.4. For RandomForest, the blue bar is around 0.45 and the red bar is around 0.4. For MLP, the blue bar is around -5.5 and the red bar is around -5.5. A dashed line at R squared equals 0 indicates the baseline. Positive R squared values above the dashed line show that the model outperforms the mean baseline. Only RandomForest achieves this consistently. MLP and Persistence fail on both protocols.Comparison of poster R2 values for the three models under holdout and walk-forward evaluation. positive R2 values (above the dashed line) indicate that the model outperforms the mean baseline. Only Random Forest achieves this consistently. MLP and persistence fail on both protocols