Figure 1
The figure presents three screenshots of conventional LMS-based Earth and Space Science (IPBA) learning materials displayed side by side. Panel (a) shows a learning module on the Structure of the Earth. Panel (b) presents instructional material on Solar rotation, including an illustration of the Sun and Earth. Panel (c) displays a learning resource on a Solar eclipse with an eclipse image. Together, the three panels illustrate examples of conventional LMS-based instructional materials used in Earth and Space Science learning.Example of conventional LMS-based IPBA learning material: (a) Structure of the Earth; (b) Solar rotation; (c) Solar eclipse