Figure 8
Exemplar studies are organised into first order codes that contribute to epistemic value creation or epistemic value destruction, which together form phygital epistemic value outcomes. Epistemic value creation consists of social and collective learning, curiosity, novelty, and cognitive stimulation, and learning and knowledge development. Social and collective learning is supported by Veer and Dobele 2024, Keppler et al. 2023, and Harunayamwe 2023. Curiosity, novelty, and cognitive stimulation are supported by Deng et al. 2025, Banik et al. 2021, and Matsushita et al. 2023. Learning and knowledge development is supported by Nevi et al. 2025, Hoang et al. 2025, and Boudkouss et al. 2021. Epistemic value destruction consists of cognitive overload and distraction, superficial or reduced learning, and breakdown in knowledge sharing. Cognitive overload and distraction are supported by Nevi et al. 2025, Matikainen et al. 2023, and Harunayamwe et al. 2023. Superficial or reduced learning is supported by Harunayamwe and Kanengoni 2023, and Batat 2023. Breakdown in knowledge sharing is supported by Xu et al. 2024, Karhapää et al. 2024, Crowston et al. 2024, and Manole et al. 2025. Both epistemic value creation and epistemic value destruction contribute to phygital epistemic value outcomes.Epistemic value outcomes