Figure 12
The visual consists of two panels labeled “(a)” at the top and “(b)” at the bottom. In panel “(a)”, the horizontal axis is labeled “Solar irradiance [watt per meter squared]” and ranges from 0 to 500 with an interval of 100. The vertical axis is labeled “Temperature [degrees Celsius]” and ranges from 0 to 50 with an interval of 10. A legend in the upper left lists “Experimental” and “Numerical”. The “Numerical” series is shown by blue diamond markers connected by a line. It starts near approximately 20 degrees Celsius between 50 and 150 watts per meter squared, remains nearly flat over that range, then rises gradually to about 22 to 24 degrees Celsius near 250 to 300 watts per meter squared, continues upward to around 27 to 29 degrees Celsius near 350 to 400 watts per meter squared, and reaches approximately 31 to 32 degrees Celsius near 450 watts per meter squared. The “Experimental” series is shown by yellow circular markers. These points are scattered around the numerical curve, with values near approximately 21 to 22 degrees Celsius around 130 to 160 watts per meter squared, around 21 degrees Celsius near 290 watts per meter squared, and around 26 to 29 degrees Celsius between about 360 and 430 watts per meter squared. In panel “(b)”, an exploded layered view is shown with contour plots on each layer. On the left side, a vertical color scale labeled “N T 11” lists values from bottom to top as 20.0, 20.9, 21.8, 22.8, 23.8, 24.8, 25.9, 27.1, 28.3, 29.5, 30.8, 32.2, 33.6, 35.1, 36.7, 38.3, and 40.0. A coordinate indicator near the lower left shows axes labeled “X”, “Y”, and “Z”. The X-axis extends towards the lower right, the Y-axis extends vertically upward, and the Z-axis extends towards the lower left side. The plate surface shows repeated rounded square contour regions arranged across the surface, with darker bands along the edges and corners and smoother transitions toward the center. To the right, four separated square plates oriented as diamond shapes are stacked vertically in exploded form. The layers are labeled from top to bottom as “Top glass cover”, “Solar cells”, “E V A”, and “Bottom glass”, with “(E V A)” marked between the upper layers and “(PET) (E V A)” marked between the lower layers. A vertical dimension labeled “13.97 millimeters” is shown alongside the stack from the bottom to top. The top glass cover layer shows a contour plot with repeated rounded square or oval hot regions arranged in a three-by-three pattern across the surface, surrounded by darker contour bands along the outer boundary. The solar cells layer below shows a similar repeated pattern of rounded square hot regions with contour bands around each cell area and along the edges. The E V A layer below it also shows repeated rounded square regions, with contour transitions visible around each central patch and along the perimeter. The bottom glass layer shows a broader, more uniform contour field with only a few smaller localized hotter regions and darker bands near the outer edges and corners. Across the layers, the shading transitions from higher values in the red regions to lower values in the darker blue edge regions.Temperature analysis for the BIPV floor tile under ordinary operational conditions (ABAQUS): (a) experimental-numerical comparison of temperature on the unexposed glass cover and (b) example of numerical contour plots of temperature distribution in the tile components (legend values in °C). Source: Authors’ own work