Figure 13
The visual consists of four surface contour plots arranged in a two-by-two layout with a vertical color scale placed at the center. Each plot shows a square plate oriented as a diamond shape with contour shading and a small coordinate indicator with axes labeled “X”, “Y”, and “Z”. At the center, a vertical color scale labeled “S, Max. Principal (Avg: 75 percent)” lists values from top to bottom as positive 4.0 e positive 07, positive 3.6 e positive 07, positive 3.3 e positive 07, positive 2.9 e positive 07, positive 2.6 e positive 07, positive 2.2 e positive 07, positive 1.9 e positive 07, positive 1.5 e positive 07, positive 1.2 e positive 07, positive 8.1 e positive 06, positive 4.5 e positive 06, positive 9.5 e positive 06, and negative 2.6 e positive 05, transitioning from red at the top through intermediate shades to dark blue at the bottom. In the top left panel labeled “Top glass cover”, the surface is mostly dark blue across the central region. Along the outer boundary, a narrow band transitions through darker shades toward red at the edges and corners. The central area shows faint circular or oval patches of slightly lighter blue distributed symmetrically. The X-axis extends towards the lower right, the Y-axis extends vertically upward, and the Z-axis extends towards the lower left side. In the top right panel labeled “Bottom glass cover”, the surface is predominantly dark blue with a cross-shaped pattern extending across the plate, forming intersecting bands aligned along two perpendicular directions. The edges and corners show small red regions, while the rest of the plate remains in darker shades. The X-axis extends towards the lower right, the Y-axis extends vertically upward, and the Z-axis extends towards the lower left side. In the bottom left panel, the surface shows a similar cross-like pattern but with more visible rounded patches distributed around the intersections. The shading remains mostly dark blue, with slightly lighter blue regions forming circular patterns around the central and grid-like intersections. The X-axis extends towards the upper right, the Y-axis extends horizontally at the back, and the Z-axis extends towards the upper left side. In the bottom right panel, the surface shows a pattern of multiple oval-shaped regions distributed across the plate in a symmetric arrangement. The central area contains several rounded patches, while the edges display a continuous band transitioning toward red at the corners. The shading transitions from dark blue in most areas to lighter bands near edges and red at the corners. The X-axis extends towards the upper right, the Y-axis extends horizontally at the back, and the Z-axis extends towards the upper left side.Principal stress analysis for the BIPV floor tile under ordinary operational conditions (ABAQUS): example of numerical contour plots of the stress distribution in the glass covers (legend values in Pa). Source: Authors’ own work