Figure 1
The line graph consists of a horizontal axis which is labeled from left to right as follows: “January-1990”, “April-1991”, “July-1992”, “October-1993”, “January-1995”, “April-1996”, “July-1997”, “October-1998”, “January-2000”, “April-2001”, “July-2002”, “October-2003”, “January-2005”, “April-2006”, “July-2007”, “October-2008”, “January-2010”, “April-2011”, “July-2012”, “October-2013”, “January-2015”, “April-2016”, “July-2017”, “October-2018”, “January-2020”, “April-2021”, “July-2022”, “October-2023”, “January-2025”. The vertical axis on the left is labeled “dollar per ton” and ranges from 0 to 4,000 in increments of 1,000 units. The vertical axis on the right is labeled “dollar per b b l” and ranges from 0 to 150 in increments of 50 units. The legend at the top includes five lines: a red line for “H S F O 380 c s t”, a grey line for “V L S F O”, a blue line for “Brent Crude Oil (dollar per b b l)”, an orange line for “M G O”, and a yellow line for “L N G N W Europe (H S F O 380 c s t Equivalent)”. The data from the graph is as follows: The blue line labeled “Brent Crude Oil (dollar per b b l)” begins at (July-1992, 20), passes through several points showing many fluctuations including a rise through the mid-2000s, peaks at (October-2008, 145), and then declines to (January-2016, 30) following a volatile trend, reaches another significant peak at (July-2022, 120), and then terminates at (January-2025, 75). The red line labeled “H S F O 380 c s t” begins at (January-1990, 100), passes through several points with minor fluctuations, peaks at (October-2008, 700), and then declines to a dip in 2016 following a stable trend and then terminates at (January-2025, 500). The orange line labeled “M G O” begins at (January-1990, 200), passes through several points following a similar trajectory to the red line but at higher values, peaks at (October-2008, 1,200), and then declines to a dip in 2016 following a fluctuating trend and then terminates at (January-2025, 700). The grey line labeled “V L S F O” begins at (January-2020, 600), passes through several points fluctuating closely between the red and orange lines, and then terminates at (January-2025, 600). The yellow line labeled “L N G N W Europe (H S F O 380 c s t Equivalent)” begins at (January-2020, 400), passes through several points, then peaks at a massive value of (July-2022, 3,100), and then declines sharply following a downward trend and then terminates at (January-2025, 750). Note: All the numerical data values are approximated.Trend of alternative bunker fuel prices at Rotterdam port and Brent crude oil price from January 1990 to July 2025. Source: Clarkson's research intelligence portal