Figure 1
A conceptual framework diagram illustrating factors affecting port competitiveness through road connectivity and resilience. The diagram is structured to show the relationship between endogenous and exogenous drivers and their impact on port competitiveness. Endogenous drivers are influenced by several unspecified factors represented by three shaded boxes. These drivers directly affect port competitiveness. Exogenous drivers are influenced by three specific factors: traffic management, asset maintenance programs, and infrastructure development plans. These factors contribute to road connectivity and resilience, which in turn impact port competitiveness. The diagram uses arrows to indicate the flow and relationships between these elements, showing how traffic management, asset maintenance programs, and infrastructure development plans collectively enhance road connectivity and resilience, thereby influencing port competitiveness.Conceptual framework. Source: Authors’ elaboration