Figure 1
The flowchart outlines a three-step methodology for studying BIM-based BP systems. The process begins with Step 1, labeled 'Structured Literature Review,' which includes academic research on BP systems, sources on BIM in BP, studies on KPIs, digitalization, BP efficiency, relevant regulations, and industry reports. This step leads to Step 2, labeled 'KPI Development,' involving qualitative content analysis, thematic synthesis, and deductive and inductive reasoning. Step 2 then progresses to Step 3, labeled 'Expert Validation & Benchmarking,' which includes qualitative analysis of expert feedback and quantitative interpretation of scaled KPI responses.Methodology of the study