Figure 1
Part a presents the relationship among Artificial Intelligence, A I, Machine Learning, M L, Deep Learning, D L, and Data Science using overlapping circles. Artificial Intelligence forms the largest circle on the left. Machine Learning is nested within Artificial Intelligence, and Deep Learning is nested within Machine Learning. Data Science is represented by a large overlapping circle on the right. A curved arrow passes through the nested fields with open circular markers labelled 1950, 1980, and 2010, indicating the year of start for A I, M L, and D L. A legend identifies the shaded regions for Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, and Data Science, and an open circle symbol representing Year of Start. Part b compares Machine Learning and Deep Learning workflows separated by a horizontal line. The upper workflow, titled Machine Learning, begins with an input data matrix containing entries such as x 1,1, x 1,2, x 1,3, ellipsis, x 1,n, x 2,1, x 2,2, x 2,3, ellipsis, x 2,n, x m negative 1,1, x m negative 1,2, x m negative 1,3, ellipsis, x m negative 1,n, x m,1, x m,2, ellipsis, x m,n. Double chevrons lead to a person seated at a computer labelled Feature Selection, followed by another set of double chevrons leading to a neural network labelled Classification, and finally another set of double chevrons leading to an output column containing x 1,n, x 2,n, ellipsis, and x m,n. The lower workflow, titled Deep Learning, begins with the same input data matrix. Double chevrons lead directly to a deeper multilayer neural network labelled Feature Selection plus Classification, followed by another set of double chevrons leading to the same output column containing x 1,n, x 2,n, ellipsis, and x m,n.Schematic representation of the relation between AI, ML and DL