Figure 2
A diagram of Japan's hub network with its top 20 recipients of AfT from 2002 to 2021. The central red node represents Japan, and the surrounding blue nodes represent the top 20 recipient countries. Orange edges indicate donor-to-recipient trade flows, while green edges indicate recipient-to-donor trade flows. The countries listed include Indonesia, China, Bangladesh, Vietnam, India, Morocco, Tunisia, Tanzania, Mongolia, Kenya, Uzbekistan, Egypt, Turkey, Iraq, Myanmar, Sri Lanka. The diagram shows the bidirectional nature of trade flows, with both donor-to-recipient and recipient-to-donor trade activities. The thickness of the edges suggests the volume of trade, with thicker lines indicating higher trade volumes. The overall structure highlights the interconnectedness and trade relationships between Japan and its top 20 recipients.Hub network of Japan (largest AfT donor, 2002–2021) and its top 20 recipients by AfT received. Orange edges = donor-to-recipient trade; green edges = recipient-to-donor trade