Figure 4
A line graph titled 'Empirical Network Statistics: Weighted Reciprocity & Transitivity (2002-2021)' displays two data series. The x-axis represents the years from 2002 to 2021, and the y-axis represents the statistic value ranging from 0% to 100%. The orange line represents weighted reciprocity, which measures the share of trade volume matched by a counter-flow. This line fluctuates between approximately 64% and 73%, with notable dips around 2008-2009 and 2020. The blue line represents global transitivity, which remains at 0% throughout the period, indicating no triangular trade relationships in the donor-recipient network. All values are approximated.Empirical network statistics: weighted reciprocity (Squartini et al., 2013) and global transitivity, 2002–2021. Weighted reciprocity (orange) ranges from 0.64–0.73, indicating that 27–36% of bilateral trade volume is not matched by a counter flow, with a pronounced dip during the 2008–2009 global financial crisis. Global transitivity (blue) is zero throughout, reflecting the bipartite donor–recipient structure of the network