Figure 5
A horizontal bar graph compares normalized betweenness centrality values for the top 10 nodes in a combined aid for trade and bilateral trade network from 2002 to 2021. The horizontal axis represents normalized betweenness centrality values ranging from 0.0 to 0.6. The vertical axis lists the top 10 nodes: Iraq, New Zealand, Afghanistan, Norway, Ireland, Turkey, Ghana, Portugal, Finland, and Tanzania. The bars are color-coded to indicate the role of each node: blue for donor countries and orange for recipient countries. Iraq and Afghanistan have the highest betweenness centrality values among recipients, with Iraq at approximately 0.6 and Afghanistan at around 0.4. New Zealand and Norway dominate among donors, with New Zealand at approximately 0.55 and Norway at around 0.3. Other notable values include Ireland at approximately 0.2, Turkey at around 0.1, Ghana at around 0.1, Portugal at around 0.05, Finland at around 0.05, and Tanzania at around 0.02.Top 10 nodes by normalized betweenness centrality in the combined AfT and bilateral trade network (pooled, 2002–2021). Blue = donor countries; orange = recipient countries. Iraq and Afghanistan dominate among recipients, and New Zealand and Norway dominate among donors