Figure 1
The flowchart illustrates the process of scale development and validation. It begins with Step 1: Item identification, which involves literature review and semi-structured interviews and reviews extractions. This leads to Step 2: Item purification, which includes face validity, research team meeting, and panel of experts. Step 3: Reliability and validity involves pre-test and pilot-test. Step 4: Scale purification and refinement includes confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and findings of stage 4. Step 5: Nomological validity is followed by Step 6: Composite confirmatory analysis, which includes discriminant validity and construct reliability and validity. The flowchart shows a linear progression through these steps, with each step building on the previous one to ensure the scale is developed and validated thoroughly.Scale development and validation steps