Figure 8
The diagram presents a hierarchical structure of waste management strategies as outlined by the EU Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC. The hierarchy is depicted as an inverted pyramid divided into five main sections: Prevention, Preparing for re-use, Recycling, Other recovery, and Disposal. Each section is color-coded and labeled accordingly. The topmost section, Prevention, is colored blue and represents the most preferred strategy. Below it, Preparing for re-use is green, followed by Recycling in orange. Other recovery is also in orange but is positioned lower, indicating it is less preferred than Recycling. The bottom section, Disposal, is grey, signifying it is the least preferred option. The diagram also includes annotations referencing specific regulatory bodies and years: The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union (2008), the Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (2011), and Lombardi, Carnevale, and Corti (2015).WMH according to the WFD 2008/98/EC and provision of energy recovery. Source: Authors' own work