Figure 10
The diagram presents a structured overview of research gaps and future research directions for the sustainable adoption of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) in cement manufacturing. It highlights four key research gaps: widespread confusion and inconsistency in the definition and classification of RDF and solid recovered fuel (SRF), lack of awareness and implementation of RDF quality standards despite the introduction of ISO 21640:2021, absence of comparative analyses of RDF co-processing-related policies in key regions outside the EU, and the generic nature of existing life cycle assessments (LCAs) which lack contextual specificity for cement manufacturing applications. The diagram aims to promote the sustainable adoption of refuse-derived fuel in cement manufacturing by providing a clear pathway for future research.Future research directions for the sustainable adoption of RDF in cement manufacturing. Source: Authors' own work