Figure 1
A diagram representing the factors influencing academic achievement in students. The diagram is divided into two levels: Level 1 and Level 2. Level 1 includes student background factors such as gender and E S C S. Level 2 includes school background factors such as location size, school size, class size, and basic infrastructure, as well as three dimensions of teacher quality: teacher educational qualification, teaching experience, and teacher professional development. Arrows from these factors point towards academic achievement in mathematics, literacy, and science, indicating their influence on student performance.Research model