FigureĀ 3
The image contains three panels of graphs. Panel (a) includes three histograms showing the Monte Carlo distributions of environmental value, benefit-cost ratio, and implicit default threshold. Each histogram displays the 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles with dashed lines, a solid black line for the median, and a navy line for the deterministic reference value. Panel (b) features a scatter plot of benefit-cost ratio versus environmental value, colored by the realized value of the conservation fraction, with side panels showing the univariate marginal densities. The horizontal dashed line marks a benefit-cost ratio of 1. Panel (c) presents a tornado chart illustrating the marginal contribution of each sampled parameter to the variation in environmental value, with green bars indicating upward shocks and red bars indicating downward shocks. All values are approximated.Monte Carlo analysis of parametric uncertainty. Panel (a) shows that the distributions of the key output indicators are approximately symmetric and well-bounded, with the implicit default threshold never approaching zero. Panel (b) reveals a strongly positive joint dependence between BCR and environmental value, with Ī± providing a secondary upward gradient. Panel (c) ranks the parameters by their contribution to environmental-value uncertainty, identifying output elasticity, allocation efficiency and ecological depreciation as central sources of risk