Figure 3
The diagram illustrates the configuration of traceability practices across supply chain tiers, highlighting the interaction between physical flows, data flows, and digital infrastructures within the supply network. The supply chain actors are divided into upstream, midstream, and downstream categories. Upstream actors include farmers, slaughterhouses, and hide collectors, who handle hides and skins, raw hides, and collected hides respectively. Midstream actors include tanneries and focal firms (manufacturers), who process tanned leather and finished products. Downstream actors include retailers and customers, who handle products and end use. Information flows include origin data, slaughter data, collection data, tanning data, production data, logistics data, and product information, each with specific details such as animal data, batch ID, quantity, process data, item ID, and sustainability data.Empirical architecture of digital traceability integration across multi-tier supply networks