Figure 3.
The causal loop diagram contains a Main System and three subsystems: Subsystem 1 Internal Combustion Engine, I C E, Subsystem 2 Electric Vehicle, E V, and Subsystem 3 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle, F C E V. The Main System contains I C E Vehicle Stock, E V Vehicle Stock, and F C E V Vehicle Stock, with loops R 1, R 2, R 3, R 4, B 1, B 2, and B 3. Energy Transition Trend connects positively to I C E Vehicle Stock. I C E Vehicle Stock connects negatively to E V Vehicle Stock and F C E V Vehicle Stock. Within the I C E subsystem, I C E Vehicle Stock connects positively to C O subscript 2 Emission I C E and Fuel Consumption. C O subscript 2 Emission I C E connects positively to Environmental Degradation, which connects positively to Emission Policy Pressure I C E. Emission Policy Pressure I C E connects negatively to I C E Attractiveness. Fuel Consumption connects positively to Operating Cost of I C E, which connects positively to Relative Cost of I C E. Relative Cost of I C E connects negatively to I C E Attractiveness. I C E Attractiveness connects positively to I C E Sales, and I C E Sales connects positively to I C E Vehicle Stock. Within the E V subsystem, E V Vehicle Stock connects positively to E V Sales and negatively to C O subscript 2 Emission E V. E V Sales connects positively to E V Attractiveness. E V Attractiveness connects positively to E V Convenience. E V Convenience connects positively to Charging Availability, which connects positively to E V Infrastructure. E V Infrastructure connects positively to Policy Support E V. Policy Support E V connects positively to E V Sales. C O subscript 2 Emission E V connects positively to Emission Policy Pressure E V, which connects positively to Policy Support E V. Within the F C E V subsystem, F C E V Vehicle Stock connects positively to Hydrogen Demand and User Experience. Hydrogen Demand connects positively to Hydrogen Production. Hydrogen Production connects positively to Hydrogen Refuelling Station, which connects positively to Hydrogen Convenience. Hydrogen Convenience connects positively to F C E V Attractiveness. F C E V Attractiveness connects positively to F C E V Vehicle Stock. User Experience connects positively to F C E V Acceptance. F C E V Acceptance connects positively to Market Potential F C E V, which connects positively to F C E V Attractiveness.Causal loop diagram
Source: Authors’ own work