Figure 4.
The stock and flow diagram contains Subsystem 1 Internal Combustion Engine, I C E, Subsystem 2 Electric Vehicle, E V, and Subsystem 3 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle, F C E V. I C E Sales flows into I C E Vehicle Stock. I C E Trade in E V flows from I C E Vehicle Stock to E V Vehicle Stock. E V Trade in F C E V flows from E V Vehicle Stock to F C E V Vehicle Stock. Energy Transition Trend connects positively to I C E Vehicle Stock. Fuel Price connects to Operating Cost of I C E. Fuel Consumption connects positively to Operating Cost of I C E and is also linked with Koef Fuel. Operating Cost of I C E connects positively to Relative Cost of I C E. Operating Cost E V also connects to Relative Cost of I C E. Relative Cost of I C E connects negatively to I C E Attractiveness. I C E Attractiveness is also linked with Koef Ice Attractiveness and connects positively to I C E Sales. I C E Vehicle Stock connects positively to Fuel Consumption and C O 2 Emission I C E. C O 2 Emission I C E is linked with Koef C O 2 I C E and connects positively to Environmental Degradation. Environmental Degradation connects positively to Emission Policy Pressure I C E, which connects negatively to I C E Attractiveness. These relationships include loops B 1 and B 2. I C E Vehicle Stock connects positively to E V Attractiveness and E V Infrastructure. E V Attractiveness connects positively to E V Convenience. Charging Availability connects positively to E V Convenience. E V Infrastructure connects positively to Charging Availability. Policy Support E V connects positively to E V Infrastructure. E V Vehicle Stock connects negatively to C O 2 Emission E V. C O 2 Emission E V is linked with Koef C O 2 E V and connects positively to Emission Policy Pressure E V. Emission Policy Pressure E V connects positively to Policy Support E V. These relationships include loops R 2 and B 3. F C E V Vehicle Stock connects positively to Hydrogen Demand, which is also linked with Koef Hydrogen. Hydrogen Demand connects positively to Hydrogen Production. Hydrogen Production connects positively to Hydrogen Refuelling Station. Hydrogen Refuelling Station is also linked with Koef Station and connects positively to Hydrogen Convenience. Hydrogen Convenience connects positively to F C E V Attractiveness, which connects positively to F C E V Vehicle Stock. F C E V Vehicle Stock connects positively to User Experience, which is also linked with Koef User Experience. User Experience connects positively to F C E V Acceptance. F C E V Acceptance connects positively to Market Potential F C E V. Market Potential F C E V connects positively to F C E V Attractiveness. These relationships include loops R 3 and R 4. Koef E V Trade in F C E V is linked to the connection between I C E Vehicle Stock and F C E V Vehicle Stock.Stock flow diagram
Source: Authors’ own work