Figure 1
The conceptual model shows a pattern arranged from left to right and top to bottom with grouped sections enclosed in dashed rectangular boundaries. At the center is an oval labeled “E S G decoupling”. On the left side, a dashed rectangular box titled “Audit committee composition” contains three vertically aligned rectangular boxes labeled “Independence”, “Gender diversity”, and “Financial expertise”. From these three boxes, three horizontal arrows point rightward toward the central oval, labeled “H 1” from “Independence”, “H 2” from “Gender diversity”, and “H 3” from “Financial expertise”. On the right side, another dashed rectangular box titled “Audit committee resources and diligence” contains three vertically aligned rectangular boxes labeled “Size”, “Tenure”, and “Meeting frequency”. From these three boxes, three horizontal arrows point leftward toward the central oval, labeled “H 4” from “Size”, “H 5” from “Tenure”, and “H 6” from “Meeting frequency”. At the bottom, a large dashed rectangular boundary labeled “Control variables” contains three horizontally aligned rectangular boxes labeled “Firm resources and capabilities”, “Corporate Governance mechanisms”, and “Firm sustainability approach”.Research model