Figure 2.
Three nested circles organise environmental, social, and economic factors, with economic factors contained within social factors and both within environmental factors.The outer Environment circle contains Spatial layout, Visual excitement, Conservation and Preservation of Built and Natural environments, Environmental management, Challenges, Socio-spatial innovation, Bio-economy, and Eco-economy. Within it, the Social circle contains Social identity, People-people interaction, Socio-economic aspects including Poverty and Unemployment, Culture and heritage preservation, Power relations and political aspects, and Challenges. Within the Social circle, the Economic circle contains Resource availability for upkeep and maintenance, Place branding and imageability, Scale of capital investment and funding, and Visitor and investor attraction.

Dimensions of strong sustainable placemaking

Source:Strydom et al. (2025), p. 4

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