Figure 1
A framework diagram illustrating the stages of FOI institutionalization in organizations. The diagram is divided into four stages: Stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3, and Stage 4. Each stage is represented by a box with bullet points describing specific characteristics and actions. Stage 1 is labeled 'No visible organizational response' and includes points such as 'No FOI references' and 'No disclosure preparation'. Stage 2 is labeled 'Legal awareness' and includes points like 'FOI acknowledged as legal requirement' and 'References remain descriptive or symbolic'. Stage 3 is labeled 'Operationalization' and includes points such as 'FOI translated into organizational routines' and 'Implementation of procedures for proactive and/or reactive disclosure'. Stage 4 is labeled 'Strategic integration' and includes points like 'FOI embedded in sustainable corporate governance' and 'Transparency institutionalized as governance principle'.FOI Institutionalization framework. Source: Authors' own work