Figure 1
The multi-panel line graph consists of two side-by-side panels drawn on coordinate planes. In both panels, the horizontal axis is labeled “Cumulative share of population” and ranges from 0.0 to 1.0 in increments of 0.2 units. The vertical axis is labeled “Cumulative share of income” and ranges from 0.0 to 1.0 in increments of 0.2 units. Each panel includes a diagonal dashed reference line from (0.0, 0.0) to (1.0, 1.0). A legend identifies three curves: “Pre-tax income”, “Post-tax G N N”, and “Post-tax benchmark”. Left panel: “Pre-tax income” curve: A smooth convex curve starting at (0.0, 0.0), passing through (0.2, 0.06), (0.5, 0.29), (0.8, 0.64), and ending at (1.0, 1.0). “Post-tax G N N” curve: A smooth convex curve slightly above the pre-tax curve, starting at (0.0, 0.0), passing through (0.2, 0.07), (0.5, 0.31), (0.8, 0.66), and ending at (1.0, 1.0). “Post-tax benchmark” curve: A smooth convex curve slightly below the pre-tax curve, starting at (0.0, 0.0), passing through (0.2, 0.05), (0.5, 0.27), (0.8, 0.62), and ending at (1.0, 1.0). Right panel: “Pre-tax income” curve: A smooth convex curve starting at (0.0, 0.0), passing through (0.2, 0.055), (0.5, 0.28), (0.8, 0.65), and ending at (1.0, 1.0). “Post-tax G N N” curve: A smooth convex curve slightly above the pre-tax curve, starting at (0.0, 0.0), passing through (0.2, 0.06), (0.5, 0.30), (0.8, 0.67), and ending at (1.0, 1.0). “Post-tax benchmark” curve: A smooth convex curve slightly below the pre-tax curve, starting at (0.0, 0.0), passing through (0.2, 0.05), (0.5, 0.26), (0.8, 0.63), and ending at (1.0, 1.0). Note: All numerical data values are approximated.Lorenz curves: pre- and post-tax (both economies). Note(s): This dual-panel figure shows Lorenz curves comparing pre-tax income with both post-tax scenarios. The GNN-based tax schedule consistently shifts the curve toward equality, with more pronounced improvements in the smaller, more connected economy. Source(s): Author's simulations based on synthetic data calibrated to household survey and administrative records