Figure 4
A line graph comparing initial compression-wave amplitude against train speed for a single-track tunnel.The x-axis measures train speed in kilometers per hour from 250 to 400, and the y-axis measures compression-wave amplitude in Pascals from 1500 to 3500. The graph shows two lines: one for 3D CFD data and one for the present 1D solver. The present solver closely follows the 3D CFD data, with percentage deviations of +4.4% at 250 km/h, +2.5% at 300 km/h, +2.8% at 350 km/h, and +2.1% at 400 km/h. All values are approximated.

Benchmark against 3D CFD: initial compression-wave amplitude versus train speed, present solver against the 3D-CFD data of Liu et al. (2023). Source: Author's own work

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