Figure 5
Two line graphs share a present solver, Richardson value, and 3D CFD reference. Panel a: local head-car suction peak; x-axis from 1 to 0.0625 meters; y-axis from 1 to 2.4 kPa; present solver decreases from 2.4 to 1.1 kPa. Panel b: exterior peak-to-peak load; x-axis from 4 to 1 meters; y-axis from 3.4 to 4.6 kPa; present solver decreases from 4.4 to 3.8 kPa.Grid-refinement behaviour: (a) the local head-car suction peak converges towards the Richardson value and the 3D-CFD reference once the nose ramp is resolved (five grid levels, Δx = 1 to 0.0625 m); (b) the exterior peak-to-peak load of the application case (Δx = 4 to 1 m). Source: Author's own work