Figure 8
A line graph of exterior load versus tunnel length, showing three data series with error bars.The x-axis measures tunnel length in kilometers from 0.5 to 3.0, and the y-axis measures exterior load in kilopascals from 3.2 to 4.0. The graph shows three data series: circles for Δx = 1 m with error bars, squares for Δx = 0.5 m, and a line for Δx = 1 m grid-converged. The load remains around 3.6 kPa across all tunnel lengths, with minor variations. The dotted line marks the closed-form unfavorable length at 793 meters. All values are approximated.

Single-train exterior peak-to-peak load versus tunnel length (A0 = 100 m2, 350 km/h). Circles: Δx = 1 m with GCI error bars; squares: Δx = 0.5 m over the short-tunnel range; the dotted line marks the closed-form unfavourable length. Source: Author's own work

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