Figure 1.
The upper section is labelled Isolated Practices and contains four cloud-shaped elements linked by dashed lines. These are Design practice, End-user engagement approaches, Design evaluation, and End-user requirements acquisition. A large downward arrow leads from this section to Integrated formalised practices. The lower section presents a horizontal project timeline with stages Pre-design, Schematic design, Design development, Construction, and Use. Client briefing occurs during pre-design. Strategic briefing occurs near the transition from pre-design to schematic design. Project briefing occurs during schematic design. Technical briefing occurs near the transition from schematic design to design development. A group labelled Clients, Architects, Project managers, Design consultants, End-users appears above the early stages. End-user groups appear below the pre-design stage. End-user briefing occurs near the start of schematic design. Design evaluation appears once during schematic design and again during design development. The timeline continues through construction and use.Integrated systematic end-user engagement practice across design process
Source: Authors’ own work