Figure 3.
The centre is labelled Design elements, D E, and Design features, D F, for H E buildings. Lines connect it to 13 surrounding categories. Aesthetics includes exterior design, interior design, identity, personalisation, historical or achievement wall, ceiling preferences, and ease of maintainability and practicality. Inclusivity and Accessibility includes disabled access, physical and other, disabled restrooms, designated spaces for relaxing, neurodiversity and sensory design, dedicated safe spaces, proximity to parking and transport, signage and way findings, gender neutral toilets, language of diversity, and friendly evacuation routes. Learn, teach and research enablers includes mobile learning solutions, visual interactive learning facilities, audio interactive learning facilities, flexible learning spaces, printing solutions, teaching and recording booths, charging station, and labs, workshops and research spaces. Operational services includes water, electric, network connectivity, safety and security, stationery and food retail, low and ease of maintenance, cleaning and hygiene, and protect and restore habitat. Privacy includes visual, acoustic, and workplace layout and furniture arrangements. Lighting includes natural lighting, task lighting, individual or multizone control, colour intensity, window blind options, security path lights, and emergency light. Ergonomics includes Erg. comfortable adjustable furnishing, Erg. appliances, and hand dominance and hand use behaviour. I A Q includes natural ventilation, olfactory comfort, extraction and I A Q monitoring, air filtration, and interior cross-contamination prevention. Sustainable design includes energy-efficient appliances, waste management, e-waste, selection of environmentally friendly materials, sustainable mobility options, flexible and multipurpose spaces, renewable production, water discharge and recycle, and protect and restore habitat. Spatial configuration includes layout arrangements, spaces for informal gatherings, kitchenette or tea break spaces, private meeting rooms, storage spaces and sizes, breakout areas, amenities, first in family pupil or staff spaces, waiting rooms, hot desk, troubleshooting support spaces, focused quiet spaces, recreational spaces, and shower and changing rooms. Thermal comfort includes H V A C sensors and smart controls, individual and group controls, and heat island reduction. Safety and compliance includes materials to avoid, safe arrangement of equipment, risk avoidance, and operation requirements. Connection with nature includes courtyards or green spaces, rooftop gardens, study gardens, indoor plant types, window views, and waterscape design.HE building design elements (DEs) and design features (DFs) [Modified from Nazeer et al. (2025b)]