Figure 5.
The process begins with Project Initiation, followed by Identify the Spatial Context for Design and End-user Identification involving four end-user groups. Design elements include spatial configuration, aesthetics, inclusivity and accessibility, sustainable design, connection with nature, privacy, lighting, I A Q, thermal, ergonomics, operational services, L T R infrastructure, and safety and compliance. Selected design elements inform User Requirements Acquisition Module, marked 1, where user needs are acquired. Requirements are acquired and consolidated in Consolidating End-user Requirements, marked 2, producing a User Brief. Project teams comprising designers, F M s, and clients contribute to a Co-created Project Brief, which leads to Schematic Design Development. The schematic design enters Pre-Occupancy Design Evaluation, supported by Design Evaluation Module, marked 3, and feedback from four end-user groups. A decision point, marked 4, asks whether the sketch design satisfies design element criteria. If no, end-user recommendations return to Schematic Design Development for improvements. If yes, the finalised schematic design proceeds to Detail Design Development. The detailed design returns to Pre-Occupancy Design Evaluation for end-user feedback. A second decision point, marked 4, asks whether the detail design satisfies design element criteria. If no, end-user recommendations return to Detail Design Development for improvements. If yes, the process ends with Finalised design for construction.Initial framework for end-user engagement in HE building design [Modified from Nazeer et al. (2025a)]