Figure 2
The diagram outlines the IRM framework, which organizes flood resilience into three interrelated domains: Individual, Relational, and Material. The Individual domain includes embodied flood experience, household preparedness, and reading ecological signs, focusing on anticipation and interpretation. The Relational domain encompasses collective labor systems, kinship and traditional authority, and gendered participation, emphasizing governance and mobilization. The Material domain covers sandbagging, drainage, bamboo, canoes, planks, and land-use modification, highlighting engineering adaptation. The framework underscores interdependence across these domains, with material practices sustained through relational authority and individual knowledge, ultimately aiming for community flood resilience.The individual–relational–material (IRM) analytical framework. Source: Authors’ own work