Figure 6
The central diagram features a train icon surrounded by four sections labeled T, C, C, and M, each representing different aspects of the framework. The T section covers theoretical foundations, including AI, machine learning, and digital twin theory. The first C section addresses context, focusing on railway systems and their settings. The second C section details characteristics being studied, such as predictive maintenance and real-time monitoring. The M section outlines methodologies like systematic literature review and empirical modeling. Arrows connect these sections, indicating their interrelationships. Each section includes key perspectives, supporting studies, and key insights, providing a comprehensive overview of the framework.Integrated TCCM framework. Source: Authors’ own work