Figure 7
The diagram illustrates the AI-enabled transformation framework in railway systems. At the top, AI and Digital Technologies include Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Internet of Things, Digital Twins, Computer Vision & Sensors, Big Data Analytics, and Cyber-Physical Systems. Moderating Factors such as Geographic Context, Organizational Readiness, Technology Adoption Level, Investment Capacity, and Regulatory & Policy Environment influence the Application Domains in Railway Systems, which are Predictive Maintenance, Infrastructure Monitoring, Railway Operations Optimization, Signaling & Safety Systems, Freight Logistics & Asset Management, and Passenger Services. These domains lead to Outcomes and Benefits like Improved Safety, Reduced Downtime, Operational Efficiency, Cost Reduction, Reliability & Resilience, Sustainability, and Better Service Quality.AI-enabled transformation in railways. Source: Authors’ own work