Figure 4
The diagram displays four principal clusters of terms: methodological and experimental approaches (blue and green), applications to trading and financial markets (green), studies focused on accuracy, datasets, and forecasting methods (yellow), and conceptual or ethical discussions surrounding artificial intelligence (red). The map illustrates the field's dual focus on technical innovation and financial application, while also revealing emerging trends such as the growing interest in transformer-based models, represented by the purple cluster. The size of each term indicates its frequency of occurrence, and the proximity of terms reflects their co-occurrence in the literature.Co-occurrence map of terms extracted from titles and abstracts, generated with VOSviewer. Colours denote the four principal thematic clusters (methodological approaches, trading applications, forecasting and accuracy, and conceptual and ethical discussions). The purple cluster marks emerging work on transformer-based models