Figure 3.
The upper model connects factors across the construction process. Design links design codes and standards, design cost, design time, design error, unexperienced designer, and design change. Design change connects with material quality check, material order due, and raw materials. Material demand connects material availability, material cost, material preparation time, and material failure. Manufacturing connects manufacturing error, manufacturing time, machine failure, manufacturing labour availability, manufacturing labour cost, and manufacturing cost. Transportation links labour availability, labour cost, transporting time, crane availability, crane failure, road restrictions, traffic, and transport cost. Assembly links element damage, assembly labour availability, assembly labour cost, installed component, installation cost, installation errors, site preparation, assembly time, and weather condition. Multiple connections extend between these factors and Total Time and Capital Cost. Reinforcing loops R 1 and R 4 and balancing loops R 2 and R 3 are labelled. The lower model presents a corresponding system dynamics structure using spaced abbreviations connected by multiple directional paths. Central rectangular elements include T C, D C, I C, F C, M a C, M E C, M T C, and other labelled components. Groups of abbreviated variables converge on nodes including T C C H R, I C C H R, D C C H R, E C C H R, M E C C H R, and M L C C H R. Several connections include Time labels, and financial loss appears near the centre. Cloud symbols terminate selected flows, while numerous links connect the variable groups across the model.Cause–loop and stock–flow diagram of SC management