Multi-level time-series networks estimating the random and fixed effects mlVA. The within-country contemporaneous and temporal networks (one-year lag) are depicted in panels A and B, respectively, followed by the between-country network in panel C. Nodes: QP = quality peace, youth peace-building dimensions of education (Edu), engagement (Eng), information (Inf) and inclusion (Inc); note, inclusion was operationalized as group grievance (so higher values indicate less inclusion). Edges: green = positive, red = negative; saturation and thickness of the edges indicates the strength of the effect; non-significant edges omitted. Associations are represented by lines for the cross-sectional investigations (A and C) and by arrows for the within-country temporal network (B)