The Industry Engagement Ladder, outlining collaboration opportunities for industry partners looking to collude with academia. The higher up the ladder, the higher the investment and therefore risk. Greater investment usually corresponds to a longer relationship. The level of risk is graded on a scale from 1 – very low to 5 – high. The level of investment is also graded on a scale from 1 to 5; 1 – negligible costs, 2 – <£5K, 3 – <£50K, 4 – <£500K, 5 – >£1m. The nature of the activity is indicated by a T for teaching-based collaboration and R for a research-based collaboration