The system of interference between two laser beams, resulting in precise surface patterns such as lines, dots, and cross-like structures (a).27 These periodic surface textures are generated by controlling the number and angle of beams (b).27 Such patterns are critical in biomedical applications, as they enhance cell adhesion, promote osseointegration, and can be tailored to exhibit antibacterial properties on implant surfaces. These patterns’ spatial period (P) directly influences cell behaviour and tissue regeneration, making this technique valuable in improving implant performance27