Figure 5.
The graph plots coefficient of variation on the vertical axis, ranging from 0 to 0.6, against the years 2011 to 2021 on the horizontal axis. Four lines represent different regions: Totally with diamond markers, Eastern with square markers, Central with triangle markers, and Western with cross markers. Western starts around 0.40 in 2011, peaks at 0.50 in 2012, then declines steadily with minor fluctuations. Totally begins near 0.35, peaks slightly in 2012, and then trends downward. Central fluctuates between approximately 0.16 and 0.24, while Eastern remains the lowest, generally between 0.14 and 0.18. The legend in the upper right identifies each region by its respective marker.An α convergence analysis of the level of foreign R&D activity
Source: Authors’ own work