Figure 1
The five latent variables are each represented by an oval node with the following labels: “F 1,” “F 2,” “F 3,” “F 4,” and “F 5.” The “F 1” oval node is positioned at the top center. From “F 1,” six right‑pointing arrows arise and point to the left at six rectangles arranged in a vertical series. These arrows are labeled “0.62,” “0.78,” “0.63,” “0.71,” “0.73,” and “0.60,” and they connect to six rectangles labeled from top to bottom as follows: “P F H I 3,” “P F H I 6,” “P F H I 4,” “P F H I 7,” “P F H I 8,” and “P F H I 12.” On the right of these rectangles, six ovals are arranged vertically and labeled from top to bottom as “e 1,” “e 2,” “e 3,” “e 4,” “e 5,” and “e 6.” Each circle has a right‑pointing arrow leading to its corresponding rectangle. The circle labeled “e 1” points to “P F H I 3,” “e 2” to “P F H I 6,” “e 3” to “P F H I 4,” “e 4” to “P F H I 7,” “e 5” to “P F H I 8,” and “e 6” to “P F H I 12.” The “F 2” oval node is positioned below “F 1.” From “F 2,” five right‑pointing arrows arise and point to the left at five rectangles arranged in a vertical series. These arrows are labeled “0.73,” “0.58,” “0.66,” “0.68,” and “0.62,” and they connect to five rectangles labeled from top to bottom as follows: “A A F C 1,” “L E F H I 1,” “L E F H I 2,” “L E F H I 8,” and “A A F C 2.” On the right of these rectangles, five ovals are arranged vertically and labeled from top to bottom as “e 7,” “e 8,” “e 9,” “e 10,” and “e 11.” Each circle has a right‑pointing arrow labeled “1” leading to its corresponding rectangle. The circle labeled “e 7” points to “A A F C 1,” “e 8” to “L E F H I 1,” “e 9” to “L E F H I 2,” “e 10” to “L E F H I 8,” and “e 11” to “A A F C 2.” The “F 3” oval node is positioned below “F 2.” From “F 3,” four right‑pointing arrows arise and point to the left at four rectangles arranged in a vertical series. These arrows are labeled “0.65,” “0.65,” “0.76,” and “0.72,” and they connect to four rectangles labeled from top to bottom as follows: “A A F C 7,” “A A F C 6,” “A A F C 8,” and “A A F C 5.” On the right of these rectangles, four ovals are arranged vertically and labeled from top to bottom as “e 12,” “e 13,” “e 14,” and “e 15.” Each circle has a right‑pointing arrow labeled “1” leading to its corresponding rectangle. The circle labeled “e 12” points to “A A F C 7,” “e 13” to “A A F C 6,” “e 14” to “A A F C 8,” and “e 15” to “A A F C 5.” The “F 4” oval node is positioned below “F 3.” From “F 4,” three right‑pointing arrows arise and point to the left at three rectangles arranged in a vertical series. These arrows are labeled “0.66,” “0.75,” and “0.56,” and they connect to three rectangles labeled from top to bottom as follows: “L E F H I 3,” “L E F H I 4,” and “L E F H I 7.” On the right of these rectangles, three ovals are arranged vertically and labeled from top to bottom as “e 16,” “e 17,” and “e 18.” Each circle has a right‑pointing arrow labeled “1” leading to its corresponding rectangle. The circle labeled “e 16” points to “L E F H I 3,” “e 17” to “L E F H I 4,” and “e 18” to “L E F H I 7.” The “F 5” oval node is positioned below “F 4.” From “F 5,” three right‑pointing arrows arise and point to the left at three rectangles arranged in a vertical series. These arrows are labeled “0.65,” “0.46,” and “0.70,” and they connect to three rectangles labeled from top to bottom as follows: “L E F H I 5,” “P F H I 5,” and “L E F H I 6.” On the right of these rectangles, three ovals are arranged vertically and labeled from top to bottom as “e 19,” “e 20,” and “e 21.” Each circle has a right‑pointing arrow labeled “1” leading to its corresponding rectangle. The circle labeled “e 19” points to “L E F H I 5,” “e 20” to “P F H I 5,” and “e 21” to “L E F H I 6.” From “F 1,” a double‑headed arrow labeled “0.71” points to “F 2.” From “F 1,” a double‑headed arrow labeled “0.47” points to “F 3.” From “F 1,” a double‑headed arrow labeled “0.36” points to “F 4.” From “F 1,” a red double‑headed arrow labeled “0.64” points to “F 5.” From “F 2,” a double‑headed arrow labeled “0.75” points to “F 3.” From “F 2,” a double‑headed arrow labeled “0.58” points to “F 4.” From “F 2,” a double‑headed arrow labeled “0.74” points to “F 5.” From “F 3,” a double‑headed arrow labeled “0.54” points to “F 4.” From “F 3,” a double‑headed arrow labeled “0.65” points to “F 5.” From “F 4,” a double‑headed arrow labeled “0.65” points to “F 5.”Initial model. Figures by authors