Figure 5
The figure shows five latent variables, each represented by an oval node labeled “F 1,” “F 2,” “F 3,” “F 4,” and “F 5.” The “F 1” node is positioned at the top center. From “F 1,” five right-pointing arrows extend toward five rectangles arranged in a vertical series. These arrows are labeled “0.73,” “0.58,” “0.66,” “0.69,” and “0.62,” connecting to rectangles labeled from top to bottom as “A A F C 1,” “L E F H I 1,” “L E F H I 2,” “L E F H I 8,” and “A A F C 2.” To the right of these rectangles, five ovals are arranged vertically and labeled from top to bottom as “e 7,” “e 8,” “e 9,” “e 10,” and “e 11.” Each circle has a right-pointing arrow leading to its corresponding rectangle, with “e 7” pointing to “A A F C 1,” “e 8” to “L E F H I 1,” “e 9” to “L E F H I 9,” “e 10” to “L E F H I 8,” and “e 11” to “A A F C 2.” The “F 2” node is positioned below “F 1.” From “F 2,” six right-pointing arrows extend toward six rectangles arranged vertically. These arrows are labeled “0.63,” “0.64,” “0.78,” “0.70,” “0.73,” and “0.60,” connecting to rectangles labeled from top to bottom as “P F H I 3,” “P F H I 4,” “P F H I 6,” “P F H I 7,” “P F H I 8,” and “P F H I 2.” On the right of these rectangles, seven ovals are arranged vertically and labeled “e 1” through “e 6.” Each circle has a right‑pointing arrow leading to its corresponding rectangle: “e 1” points to “P F H I 3,” “e 1” to “P F H I 4,” “e 2” to “P F H I 6,” “e 3” to “P F H I 7,” “e 4” to “P F H I 8,” “e 5” to “P F H I 8,” and “e 6” to “P F H I 2.” The “F 3” node is positioned below “F 2.” From “F 3,” three right-pointing arrows extend toward three rectangles arranged vertically. These arrows are labeled “0.67,” “0.76,” and “0.54,” connecting to rectangles labeled from top to bottom as “L E F H I 3,” “L E F H I 4,” and “L E F H I 7.” To the right, three ovals are arranged vertically and labeled “e 12,” “e 13,” and “e 14,” each with a right-pointing arrow leading to its corresponding rectangle. The “F 4” node is positioned below “F 3.” From “F 4,” four right-pointing arrows extend toward four rectangles arranged vertically. These arrows are labeled “0.65,” “0.65,” “0.76,” and “0.72,” connecting to rectangles labeled from top to bottom as “A A F C 6,” “A A F C 7,” “A A F C 8,” and “A A F C 5.” To the right, four ovals are arranged vertically and labeled “e 15,” “e 16,” “e 17,” and “e 18,” each with a right-pointing arrow leading to its corresponding rectangle. The “F 5” node is positioned below “F 4.” From “F 5,” two right-pointing arrows extend toward two rectangles arranged vertically. These arrows are labeled “0.62” and “0.59,” connecting to rectangles labeled “L E F H I 5” and “P F H I 5.” To the right, two ovals are arranged vertically and labeled “e 19” and “e 20,” each with a right-pointing arrow leading to its corresponding rectangle. From “F 1,” a double‑headed arrow labeled “0.71” points to “F 2.” From “F 1,” a double‑headed arrow labeled “0.58” points to “F 3.” From “F 1,” a double‑headed arrow labeled “0.75” points to “F 4.” From “F 1,” a double‑headed arrow labeled “0.66” points to “F 5.” From “F 2,” a double‑headed arrow labeled “0.36” points to “F 3.” From “F 2,” a double‑headed arrow labeled “0.47” points to “F 4.” From “F 2,” a double‑headed arrow labeled “0.68” points to “F 5.” From “F 3,” a double‑headed arrow labeled “0.53” points to “F 4.” From “F 3,” a double‑headed arrow labeled “0.50” points to “F 5.” From “F 4,” a double‑headed arrow labeled “0.51” points to “F 5.”Initial Model. Figures by authors