Figure 1. The diagram depicts an...

Figure 1.

A schematic diagram illustrates an electrical circuit model with resistances, inductances, flux paths, and a transformer section.

The diagram depicts an electrical equivalent circuit beginning at input terminals with voltage u of t and current i of t. A winding resistance R w is in series with a leakage inductance L k. The circuit then splits into two parallel branches. The first branch contains a core loss resistance R c. The second branch contains a magnetizing inductance L h in series with a hysteresis loss resistance R h, and a nonlinear element s of phi m. Arrows indicate magnetic flux directions, with phi m for the main flux and phi h for the hysteresis flux. On the far right, the circuit connects to a partial transformer representation.

Equivalent circuit diagram (Schwartze et al., 2025b) representing the lumped parameters of the control-oriented model

Note(s): The input voltage $u$ is applied to the system, which invokes a corresponding output current $i$ ⁠. The ohmic winding resistance is denoted by $R_{w}$ and $L_{k}$ describes the leakage flux. The parameters $R_{h}$ and $L_{h}$ capture the hysteresis effect, while $R_{e}$ is used to model the eddy current losses. The function $s (ϕ_{m})$ ⁠, where $ϕ_{m}$ denotes the magnetic flux present in the core at any time instance, introduces the saturation. The primary side of the transformer is not included

Source: Authors’ own work and also compared to Schwartze et al. ( 2025b)

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