The graphical abstract is circular with three sections. Inputs listed on the left include AI surveillance, blockchain evidence, mobile forensics, geospatial mapping, and legal frameworks. Core enforcement listed at the bottom includes data collection, real-time detection, and cross-agency sharing. Outputs on the right include targeted interventions, judicial admissibility, reduced trafficking, public safety, and policy feedback. The circle with the phrase graphical abstract in the centre symbolises the cycle where inputs lead to enforcement, which produces measurable outputs for drug control and regulation.Graphical abstract: Inputs–Core Enforcement–Outputs for a tech-enabled NDPS regime