Figure 2
The flowchart starts at the top with three boxes arranged vertically, connected by downward arrows labeled “Receive data,” followed by “Data preprocessing” and “Data division.” “Data division” splits into two branches: “Test data” on the left and “Training data” on the right. Below “Test data” and “Training data,” three vertical columns with text boxes are shown arranged horizontally. The first column under “Test data,” is a dashed box titled “Feature selection with F A” containing the following vertical sequence of text boxes connected by downward arrow: “Determining parameters and stopping criteria,” “Creating the initial population,” “Objective function calculation,” “The movement of dim fireflies towards brighter fireflies,” “Updating the brightness and position of the fireflies,” “Objective function calculation.” A downward arrow leads to a diamond labeled “Stopping criterion,” which loops back up to the “The movement of dim fireflies towards brighter fireflies” box. A downward arrow from the diamond leads to a textbox outside the dashed rectangle labeled “Reporting the best solution by the algorithm.” The second column in the middle has text boxes in a vertical sequence, labeled from top to bottom as “Building a decision tree model based on selected features,” followed by “Building a decision tree model based on the values set for the parameters,” followed by a solid rectangle containing four vertically arranged boxes “Building a decision tree model,” “Model training,” “Model prediction,” and “Calculating evaluation criteria.” A downward arrow from the top box points to the solid rectangle at the top. A downward arrow from the second box points to the rectangle at the right side. A downward arrow from “Training data” also points to the solid rectangle. A line is shown between the first box, “Building a decision tree model based on selected features,” and both the text boxes with the text “Objective function calculation” in the first section. To the right, the third column is shown with a dashed box titled “Parameters tuning with F A” contains vertical sequence of text boxes connected by downward arrow labeled from top to bottom labeled “Determining parameters and stopping criteria,” “Creating the initial population,” “Objective function calculation,” “The movement of dim fireflies towards brighter fireflies,” “Updating the brightness and position of the fireflies,” “Objective function calculation.” A downward arrow leads to a diamond labeled “Stopping criterion,” which loops back up to the “The movement of dim fireflies towards brighter fireflies” box. A downward arrow from the diamond leads to a textbox outside the dashed rectangle labeled “Reporting the best solution by the algorithm.” A leftward arrow from both the text boxes with the text “Objective function calculation” in the right column points to “Building a decision tree model based on the values set for the parameters” on the middle section. Both reporting boxes connect downward to “Applying the final model to the test data,” followed by “Results and evaluation” at the bottom. A downward arrow from “Test data” points to “Applying the final model to the test data.”Proposed system for predicting transportation delays. Source(s): The authors