Figure 1
The figure displays three text boxes positioned at the top and arranged in a horizontal series. From left to right, the boxes are labeled as follows: “C S R,” “E V power battery Manufacturer,” and “Echelon utilization market.” A right-pointing arrow labeled “theta” points from “C S R” to “E V power battery Manufacturer.” Another unlabeled right-pointing arrow points from “E V power battery Manufacturer” to “Echelon utilization market.” Additionally, a dashed left-pointing arrow points from “Echelon utilization market” to “E V power battery Manufacturer.” Two text boxes are positioned at the center and arranged in a horizontal series. From left to right, they are labeled as follows: “Recycler” and “Echelon utilization enterprise.” “Recycler” is positioned below and slightly to the right of “C S R.” “Echelon utilization enterprise” is positioned below and slightly to the left of “Echelon utilization market.” Individual upward arrows labeled “f subscript c” and “f subscript t” point from “Recycler” and “Echelon utilization enterprise,” respectively, to “E V power battery Manufacturer.” An upward arrow points from “Echelon utilization enterprise” to “Echelon utilization market.” Additionally, a dashed downward arrow from “Echelon utilization market” points to “Echelon utilization enterprise.” A rectangle is positioned at the bottom center, labeled “Electric vehicle market.” A downward arrow labeled “rho” points from “E V power battery Manufacturer” to “Electric vehicle market.” Individual dashed upward arrows labeled “tau subscript c” and “tau subscript t” point from “Electric vehicle market” to “Recycler” and “Echelon utilization enterprise,” respectively.The CLSC operation model. Source(s): Created by authors