Figure 6
Six multi-line graphs in three parts are arranged in a 3 by 2 grid. Parts (a) to (c) are labeled “K 8 underscore 1 P U, K 8 underscore 2 P U, and K 8 underscore 3 P U,” respectively. In parts (a) to (c), two graphs are present, one on the left and the other on the right. On the left and right, the vertical axis is labeled “Force (Newtons),” ranging from 0 to 6000 in (a), 0 to 7000 in (b), and 0 to 8000 in (c), in increments of 1000. On the left graph in each part, the horizontal axis is labeled “Displacement (millimeters),” ranging from 0 to 24 with an interval of 4. On the right graph in each part, the horizontal axis is labeled “Time (milliseconds),” ranging from 0 to 20 with an interval of 4. Dotted lines represent “10 Joules,” dashed lines represent “20 Joules,” and long dashed lines represent “50 Joules,” with two different color dots for “experiment” in black dots and “simulation” in red dots. All curves in each graph begin from the origin and increase toward the right and attain a peak and then decrease to the bottom in a concave-down pattern. Part (a): In the left graph, the curves for 10 joules peak just above 2000 at the displacement of 9.5, the curves for 20 joules peak above 3000 at the displacement of 13, and the curves for 50 joules peak above 5000 at the displacement of around 19.5. In the right graph, the curves for 10 joules peak just above 2000 at the time of 8, the curves for 20 joules peak above 3000 at the time of 7, and the curves for 50 joules peak around 5500 at the time of around 6.5. Part (b): In the left graph, the curves for 10 joules peak just above 2000 at the displacement of 8.5, the curves for 20 joules peak above 3500 at the displacement of 13, and the curves for 50 joules peak above 5000 at the displacement of around 19. In the right graph, the curves for 10 joules peak just above 2000 at the time of 7.6, the curves for 20 joules peak above 3500 at the time of 7, and the curves for 50 joules peak around 6000 at the time of around 6. Part (c): In the left graph, the curves for 10 joules peak just above 2500 at the displacement of 8.5, the curves for 20 joules peak above 3600 at the displacement of 11, and the curves for 50 joules peak above 6000 at the displacement of around 17. In the right graph, the curves for 10 joules peak just above 2500 at the time of 7, the curves for 20 joules peak around 4000 at the time of 6.5, and the curves for 50 joules peak around 6500 at the time of around 5.5. Note: All numerical data values are approximated.Comparison of numerical and experimental results at 10 J, 20 J and 50 J: (a) K8_1PU, (b) K8_2PU and (c) K8_3PU