Figure 7
The horizontal axis represents “displacement (millimeters),” ranging from 0 to 25 in increments of 5. The vertical axis represents “force (Newtons),” ranging from 0 to 8000 in increments of 1000. The black solid circle represents “Experiment,” and the red square represents “Simulation.” For the first group, 10 joules: Experiment points: K 8 underscore 3 P U (8.1, 2897), K 8 underscore 2 P U (9, 2591), K 8 underscore 1 P U (9.9, 2367). Simulation points: K 8 underscore 3 P U (8.2, 2714), K 8 underscore 2 P U (8.9, 2530.6), and K 8 underscore 1 P U (9.7, 2224). For the second group, 20 joules: Experiment points: K 8 underscore 3 P U (11, 4601.2), K 8 underscore 2 P U (13.1, 3938), K 8 underscore 1 P U (13.3, 3632.6). Simulation points: K 8 underscore 3 P U (11.3, 4163.2), K 8 underscore 2 P U (13, 3816), and K 8 underscore 1 P U (13, 3510). For the third group, 50 joules: Experiment points: K 8 underscore 3 P U (16.7, 7081), K 8 underscore 2 P U (19.1, 6448), K 8 underscore 1 P U (20.5, 5632). Simulation points: K 8 underscore 3 P U (17.3, 6714), K 8 underscore 2 P U (19.1, 5877), and K 8 underscore 1 P U (20.14, 5285). Note: All numerical data values are approximated.The impact tolerance of TPU composites across different energy impacts