... that leverages deep learning and transfer learning. We train long short-term memory (LSTM), BiLSTM and a fine-tuned Arabic bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (AraBERT) model and benchmark them under a single, fair protocol against strong classical baselines – logistic regression, linear...

... of its stages. CNN can recognize sophisticated features on the retina and provides an automatic diagnosis. The pre-trained VGG-16 CNN model was applied using a transfer learning (TL) approach to utilize the already learned parameters in the detection. Findings By conducting different experiments set...